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The ionosphere and geophysics have always been “hobbies” of mine. Recently, I began a project to build a 3-axis magnetometer. The first iteration of this project uses FG-3+ fluxgate sensors available from FG Sensors. These sensors are very similar to the sensors once produced by Speake & Co (long out of business). The FG-3+ sensors output a variable period square wave based on the magnetic field strength and direction. The frequency of this square wave typically ranges between 40kHz to over 120kHz.